Suppose
there are two linguistic communities of (roughly) equal size, dispersed
throughout a large area. Both speak dialects of the same language.
One community uses the term 'arthritis' to refer exclusively to a
painful condition of the joints, the other uses it to refer to any
painful condition in one's limbs. There is a certain smaller region
in which members of both communities are to be found, and in (roughly) equal numbers. There is, however, no “overlap”: Each
speaker fully adopts the convention of his or her community, they do
not sometimes adopt one usage and sometimes another. The dialects are
alike in every other respect. Along comes Wyman, who does not speak
the language. Wyman, however, comes to learn it, and eventually
speaks it, to all appearances, just as the two communities do. But he
is nevertheless unaware of the difference in usage with respect to
the term 'arthritis'. One day he tells his doctor, “I have a
horrible case of arthritis in my thigh.” One community would judge
that what Wyman said was false; and the other, that it was true. Both
could not be right.
The
question is: What did the term 'arthritis' mean on that occasion?
Which of the two communities' incompatible usages could it have been
that determined what 'arthritis' meant in Wyman's mouth? He was
unaware of any difference between the two communities, both are equal
in size and equally prevalent in his area, and he interacted just as
much with both. To say that Wyman “really” counts as a member of
one community rather than the other, and thus that the term “really”
had one meaning rather than the other, seems arbitrary. And
externalists cannot say that 'arthritis' had both
meanings, for then what he said would have been both true and false.
If externalists were to say that it was indeterminate which meaning
it had, they must admit that some matters are indeterminate—which,
though many may be happy to do, might not be coherent. That the
statement had no
meaning is something I can understand, though I find it implausible
for this case; but could it really be that it's determinate that it
had one or other of those meanings, but not determinate which? But
however that may be, I'm interested to see what my readers think.
No comments:
Post a Comment